operation, or their teachings. Such evidence as bears on these points is incidental and, of course, partisan, since Paul is concerned only to expose these persons as “false apostles” (11:13) and to defend his own apostolic authority against the charges and suspicions they are raising in Corinth. Apart from the derogatory expressions he applies to them (“super-apostles,” 11:5; 12:11; “false apostles, deceitful workers,” 11:13; ministers of Satan in disguise, 11:14–15; “fools,” 11:19), Paul refers